LEX LAGUENS: Jurnal Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan

ANALYSIS OF DEFENSE AND CYBER SECURITY IN AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA

2024-08-03T02:14:59+00:00

Air space management is a crucial aspect in maintaining the sovereignty of a country, including Indonesia. Along with the rapid development of information and communication technology, threats to cyber security are becoming increasingly significant. This research analyzes defense and cyber security efforts in air space management in Indonesia, with a focus on identifying threats, vulnerabilities, and implemented mitigation strategies. Through descriptive-analytical methods, data is collected from various sources, including policy documents. The research results show that although Indonesia has implemented various policies and technologies to improve cyber security, there are still a number of challenges that must be overcome, such as a lack of awareness of cyber threats, limited skilled human resources, and the need for better coordination between relevant institutions. With these steps, it is hoped that cyber security in airspace management can be improved, thereby reducing the risk of attacks and ensuring the safety and efficiency of flight operations in Indonesia.

THE CHANGES OF REGULATION PERTAINING AIRCRAFT IN INDONESIA: BEFORE AND AFTER 9/11 CASE: A LEGAL STUDY VIEWED FROM A 9/11 CASE

2024-08-04T07:53:22+00:00

An aircraft hijacking as one of crimes in the field of aviation has been recognized as an international crime. The crime more often involved multiple numbers of state’s jurisdictions, both the place of occurrence, its consequences, and the motives of the crime itself. The motive and goal of the crime can or cannot be driven by a politically reason. Initially, many thoughts that one of the characteristics of this crime was taking hostage of people onboard, either flight crew or passengers. However, in the 9/11 case, we can see that perpetrators did not take any people as hostage in an airplane but grabbed a flight control from the pilot in command and used the plane as an air to ground weapon to target civilian objects on the ground. In accordance with the Indonesian Code of Penal Number 1 issued in 2023 under article 579 (1) criminalized a person for committing as air piracy, any person who seizes or maintains the seizure or unlawfully controls an airplane in flight. This article is based on prior normative research, utilizing both secondary data, secondary data consisted of primary and secondary sources were obtained from relevant literature and international and national law. This means that even the newest Law Number 1 of 2023 still requires an element of piracy in the air and an element of an airplane in flight. It is more adequate if the regulations in Indonesia new Criminal Code adopts the provisions of the 2010 Beijing Protocol which has no longer used the element of ‘onboard’ and also modifies the word ‘in flight’ to ‘in service’.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST AIRCRAFT ENTERING THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

2024-08-03T02:32:50+00:00

Law enforcement against unauthorized foreign aircraft entering the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is a crucial aspect in maintaining air sovereignty and national security. This research examines the legal policies and procedures implemented in dealing with violations by foreign aircraft, as well as the challenges and solutions faced by Indonesian authorities. The main focus of this research includes the identification of relevant national and international regulations and law enforcement mechanisms. The research methods used include legal analysis and case studies of violations that have occurred. Research results show that although Indonesia has a clear legal framework for dealing with violations, its implementation is often hampered by limited resources and the complexity of international diplomacy. The recommendations put forward include increasing law enforcement capacity, improving coordination between relevant institutions, as well as strengthening international cooperation to improve the law enforcement system in the aviation sector. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of more effective policies and practices in maintaining Indonesia's air sovereignty.

ARSITEKTUR EMPATI DAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL POSITIF SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PERUNDUNGAN DI LINGKUNGAN SATUAN PENDIDIKAN

2024-08-31T07:59:39+00:00

This study is based on the end of 2023 notes released by the Federation of Indonesian Teachers' Unions that the number of bullying cases in Indonesia reached 30 (thirty) cases that had been reported and processed by the authorities. Of that number, 80% occurred under the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and 20% of cases occurred in educational units under the Ministry of Religion, with the distribution of cases occurring at the junior high school/equivalent level as much as 50%, elementary school/equivalent as much as 30%, high school/equivalent as much as 20%. Even from a number of these cases, some cases have resulted in fatalities. Ironically, some of these bullying cases occurred in educational unit environments. Therefore, it is very interesting to study efforts to prevent bullying in educational unit environments through the approach of empathy architecture and positive social interaction. To answer these problems, a normative legal research method supported by empirical research was used. From the results of the study, it was found that the issue of school architecture is one of the triggers for bullying in the educational unit environment because bullying tends to occur in certain areas or places in the educational unit environment due to a lack of monitoring and supervision. However, bullying is not only caused by architectural factors but also social factors. The existence of positive social interactions where relationships between individuals are based on mutual respect, respect for differences, empathy, and cooperation that involve good relationships between students and students, students and teachers, and students with other school staff. When this continues to be developed, students feel accepted and appreciated, so they tend to be more confident and have a sense of belonging to the school.